Unsung Heroes
Introduction by the former Minister of Veterans’ Affairs
In October 1915 Corporal Cyril Bassett became the only member of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force to be awarded the Victoria Cross for bravery during the Gallipoli campaign. After the war Bassett almost never spoke about how he had come to win the British Empire’s highest award for bravery, but on one occasion he did remark that: “When I got the medal I was disappointed to find that I was the only New Zealander to get one at Gallipoli, because hundreds of Victoria Crosses should have been awarded there. All my mate ever got was a wooden cross”. Any person who knows about the Gallipoli campaign will appreciate the truth of Bassett’s comment and recognise that for every man who received a well-deserved award for gallantry many other for a variety of reasons did not. Bassett’s comment and my reading about New Zealand’s part in the Gallipoli campaign convinced me that, in the year of the centenary, we should make a special effort to remember the many New Zealanders who fought there and who received no formal recognition for their bravery.
In April 1915 the Australians and New Zealanders secured a tiny beachhead around Anzac Cove; no part of which was safe from enemy fire. The topography of the Anzac Cove area was very challenging and complex. The Anzacs’ positions were dominated by Ottoman strongholds on higher ground, which made any movement extremely dangerous. Most of the combat during the campaign against a skilful and determined foe was at very close range. Simply to serve at Gallipoli and do your job as a soldier required a great degree of fortitude and courage. What is remarkable is the way in which the vast majority of the New Zealanders at Gallipoli, who ranged from teenagers fresh from school to middle-aged family men, mastered their fears and did their duty.
The Australians and New Zealanders suffered continual losses from sniping, shell fire, grenades and disease, but units could be destroyed within minutes during offensive operations. On 7 August the Auckland Infantry Battalion suffered some 300 casualties in a few minutes in their doomed attack from the Apex towards Chunuk Bair. In its epic defence of Chunuk Bair on 8 August, which one soldier described as a “corner of Hell”, more than 90 percent of the officers and men of the Wellington Infantry Battalion were killed or wounded. Amongst those killed at Chunuk Bair was the battalion’s indomitable commander, Lieutenant-Colonel William Malone. His outstanding courage and leadership throughout the campaign was recognised by two mentions in dispatches: very inadequate recognition for a great New Zealander.
Over the next few months this series, which I have had produced by the New Zealand Defence Force, will highlight a tiny fraction of those brave men who fought at Gallipoli and who received little or no formal recognition for their outstanding courage. The series also includes an outline of the way the military honours and awards system operated in 1915. I hope all those who read these articles will think about how they would react when faced with the terrible choices that frontline soldiers have to deal with on a daily basis in war. I am confident that anyone reading this series will come away with a much better understanding of and appreciation for the courage and fortitude shown at Gallipoli 100 years ago by our fellow New Zealanders.
New Zealand Defence Force senior heritage advisor, Matthew Buck, unpacks the military award system as it worked in the First World War.
In this Unsung Heroes article, New Zealand Defence Force Historian, John Crawford profiles Lieutenant-Colonel William Malone who led the Wellington Battalion in the successful capture of Chunuk Bair on 8 August. Malone was killed in the evening of 8 August; Chunuk Bair was retaken by Ottoman forces on 10 August.
During the First World War, over 140 Chaplains (Christian clergymen) served as part of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force. Four were killed in action. In this article, Zane Kidd writes about the first Chaplain to die on active service and the impact his death had in the trenches of Gallipoli and on the homefront of New Zealand.
Heroism can take many different forms including simply carrying on doing an important job under dangerous and difficult conditions as writers Peter Cooke and John Crawford discover in this article.
Hill 60, the forgotten final battle of the August Offensive, saw some of the worst fighting experienced by New Zealand soldiers on Gallipoli, writes Terry Kinloch.
The Canterbury Mounted Rifles landed at Gallipoli in May 1915 along with the rest of the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade. John Crawford looks at some of the unit's Unsung Heroes.
Otago had two units carrying its name at Gallipoli: the Otago Infantry Battalion and the Otago Mounted Rifles, write historian Seán Brosnahan.
On Gallipoli the scale of the casualties overwhelmed the meagre facilities at hand. Bearing wounded who couldn’t walk was the job of stretcher-bearers. In peacetime, bandsmen trained in this role, but on Gallipoli many others lent a hand. Article by Peter Cooke and John Crawford.
Friends and relatives – especially brothers – commonly served in the same company during the First World War. During its epic defence of Chunuk Bair on 8 August 1915, for instance, four pairs of brothers serving in the Wellington Infantry Battalion were killed.
Establishing the links necessary for the passage of information between units at Gallipoli was a difficult and frequently deadly occupation. Runners and men using visual signalling frequently fell victim to Ottoman snipers writes Wing Commander Mark Brewer.
